The Day Apple Booted Up free essay sample

As indicated by the BBC news, Apple had more money to spend than the United States (2011). Apple stores each sell a normal of $93,150 worth of items consistently, which is identical to $3,900 an hour or $65 per minute each day of the year. With the measure of money they have now, they can go to McDonalds and purchase everybody on the planet two major macintosh suppers, 1 vanilla cone dessert and 1 chocolate chip treat. II. Pertinence Statement: According to the CNBC overview, half of the US family units have in any event one apple item. Let’s take this space for example; I am almost certain a large portion of us have in any event one apple item. So I am going to disclose to you how this organization had all begun. III. Validity Statement: As somebody who is a major enthusiast of the apple items and who might hold up in lines to purchase the most recent apple item, I was keen on how this organization was conceived and what makes it not quite the same as the various organizations. We will compose a custom article test on The Day Apple Booted Up or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page After my own examination, I discovered that this organization has an intriguing history, as fascinating as the items they sell. IV. Proposition Statement: The establishing people, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak found the main Macintosh PC, APPLE I, on April first 1976. This was the day when the Macintosh organization was shaped and no one, not Jobs comprehended what was coming straightaway: that Apple would make the look and feel of pretty much every work area on the planet and start our relationship with the PC including convenient music players. Directional Transition: Now that you comprehend the focal point of my introduction, let’s investigate how everything began. Body I. On April first, 1976, Cupertino, California, the Apple PCs booted up with their first PC APPLE 1. A. Steve Wozniak was the specialized cerebrums behind the organization while Steve employments was an individual who thinks beyond practical boundaries and he generally needed others to dream alongside him. 1. Employments thought of the name of the organization motivated by a plantation in Oregon where he and his companions used to accomplish their work 2. As to logo, it began with an image of Isaac newton under an apple tree working and later changed to the image of an apple with a little piece of it gnawed off. B. Most PCs in 1976 were room measured with resistance office estimated sticker prices, yet Wozniak had been fiddling with another structure, his PC was extraordinary. 1. It was little, simple and modest to utilize. 2. Occupations had seen the mix it caused when he took it to a neighborhood PC club. 3. Steve Wosniak believed that their little organization would be fun despite the fact that they probably won't make much money(Grossman,2003). 4. They didn't proceed to commend that day, they only ontinued with their day by day work until some other time. 5. To raise capital for their new organization, Jobs sold his Volkswagen van. Directional Transition: Once the APPLE establishment was set up, it began delivering an ever increasing number of items that assumed control over the electronic world. II After APPLE 1, the apple organization began creating extraordinary items that were inventive and basic which caught the eye of each electronic client. A. On January 24,1984, Steve Jobs presented the primary monetarily fruitful PC with a mouse and a realistic UI. B. Later they thought of macbooks that are known for their quick processors and smooth straightforward plan. C. On October 23, 2001, Apple presented the iPod, which took the compact music player industry by storm, selling 220 million units by 2009. D. The Apple business likewise thought of the iPhone and the iPad. E. It grew up to be the most appreciated organization on the planet and furthermore the biggest innovation organization on the planet by income and benefit, more than Google and Microsoft consolidated. Directional Transition: With this line of items, and all the more coming in, life has been a lot simpler for understudies and the regular workers. End I. Repetition of Thesis: Specifically I have talked about the day the organization APPLE was begun by the two Steves and how the organization raised progressive items that influenced the world. II.

How to Make a Family Photo Calendar From Scratch

Step by step instructions to Make a Family Photo Calendar From Scratch Searching for a customized blessing that will be appreciated all year? Its simple to make your own customized photograph schedule. Incorporate pictures of companions, family, precursors, or uncommon places on your schedule to help you to remember extraordinary individuals or occasions. Make your own schedule for grandmother of the grandchildren, or one of yourself for the exceptional individual in your life. Photograph schedules are an attentive, cheap blessing that can be utilized each day of the year. Select Your Pictures Discover pictures from your assortment that suit your extravagant, and utilize your scanner to make them computerized. On the off chance that you dont own a scanner, at that point your neighborhood photograph shop can check the photos and spot them on a CD/streak drive for you or transfer them to an online assistance. Dont be reluctant to get innovative and branch out from conventional photos - examined duplicates of a childs craftsmanship or family mementoes (letters, decorations, and so forth.) likewise make pleasant schedule photographs. Set up Your Photos When you have your photographs in advanced arrangement, use photograph altering programming to include inscriptions, or pivot, resize, harvest, or improve the photos to best accommodate your schedule. Make the Calendar ​If youd like to make and print a photograph schedule yourself, particular schedule programming programs make a printable schedule as simple as simplified. You may likewise as of now have programming directly on your PC which will carry out the responsibility. Many word-preparing programs, for example, Microsoft Word, incorporate essential schedule formats, as do numerous photograph altering programs. Various free downloadable schedule layouts can likewise be discovered on the web. As another option, there are many schedule printing administrations and duplicate shops which can make a customized photograph schedule for you utilizing your photographs and extraordinary dates. The absolute generally mainstream and adaptable include: ShutterflyMixbookPicabooSnapfish Customize Your Calendar When you make your schedule pages, its opportunity to redo. Go past the fundamental schedule by including your own custom hues and textual styles. In contrast to tasteless, mass-created schedules, every month can have an alternate subject. Match photographs to the months topic a photograph of your folks on the long stretch of their wedding commemoration, or a closeup of the family Christmas tree and its loved trimmings for the period of December.Add individual dates, including birthday events, commemorations, occasions, and other huge occasions. Not certain when Thanksgiving or Mothers Day falls this year? Look at occasion schedules for a wide scope of national and occasion dates.Keep family ancestry alive by including photographs of your progenitors and significant occasions from your familys past. You might be shocked to discover what number of your relatives share birth dates with their progenitors. Print Your Calendar Once youve wrapped up your photograph schedule, its opportunity to print. On the off chance that you intend to print the schedule yourself at home, start by printing the photograph pages-one for every month-ideally on great quality photograph paper. When finished, youll need to reload the printed photograph pages into your printer so as to print the month to month networks on the opposite side of the pages. Recollect that every month picture shows up on the contrary side of the earlier month; for instance, you should print Februarys month to month framework on the rear of Marchs photograph. Ensure that you comprehend which side and end of the paper your printer starts to print from, to stay away from botches with page direction. On the off chance that youre utilizing an uncommon schedule programming program, search for explicit headings and tips for printing your schedule. Then again, many duplicate shops can print and gather your completed photograph schedule for you from your spared duplicate on plate. Make certain to check with them before beginning to perceive what record groups they acknowledge. Include Finishing Touches After youve printed and twofold checked your completed schedule pages, you might need to take them to your nearby duplicate community to have them winding headed for a progressively proficient look. On the other hand, utilize a paper punch and tie the pages with brads, lace, raffia, or different connectors. Make the most of your custom family schedule. Furthermore, ensure youre arranged to rehash the task one year from now, since individuals will inquire!

Payday Loans vs Title Loans - OppLoans

Payday Loans vs Title Loans - OppLoans Payday Loans vs Title Loans Payday Loans vs Title LoansInside Subprime: Dec 10, 2018By Jessica EastoPayday loans and title loans have a lot in common. For one thing, they are both forms of predatory lendingâ€"in which loan providers use deceptive practices and unfair loan terms to take advantage of borrowers. These types of loans can leave you with an unmanageable cycle of debt and bad credit. The Center for Responsible Lending (CRL) reports that payday loans and title loans collectively cost borrows $8 billion in fees each year. Let’s take a closer look at the similarities and differences of how they do this.Let’s start with the similarities. Both payday loans and title loans are marketed as solutions for people who need money quickly and have few other options due to factors such as bad credit. In other words, they both tend to prey on vulnerable populations. That’s why title loans are illegal in 29 states and payday lending is banned or severely restricted in 18 states.Both types of loans offer relativ ely small amounts of cash (usually a few hundred dollars) with terms that require it to be paid back in a short amount of time. Most payday loans require you to pay in full by your next paycheck (usually within two weeks), and most title loans require repayment within 14 to 30 days.Both payday loans and title loans have exorbitantly high annual percentage rates (APR)â€"300 to 400 percent is typical. Compare this to a typical APR for a mortgage (around 5 percent) or even a credit card (20 percent), and you’ll start to get the picture.Now for the key difference. In order to get a payday loan, you must present your lender with a postdated check, which allows them to recoup the cost of the loan on your next payday when they cash it. (This is why these loans are often called “cash advances.”) If you don’t have enough money in the bank at that time, you may incur overdraft fees. On the other hand, title loans are secured by your vehicle. The amount you get depends on your car’s value. But this also means the lender can repossess your car if you can’t repay the loan. You could lose your car!How often does this happen? A lot. According to the CRL, one in five borrowers have their car repossessed. In order to avoid this, borrowers are often presented with the option to “rollover” their loans so that they have more time to come up with the moneyâ€"for additional interest and fees, of course. Payday lenders offer the same option, leading to a cycle of debt and that astounding $8 million figure.According to the CRL, title loan borrowers “flip” their loan an average of eight times, paying as much as $2,300 in fees on a $1,000 loan. On the payday side, borrowers were indebted an average of 212 days the first year of their loanâ€"a far cry from the 14-day term on the original loan.The bottom line? Both payday lenders and title loan lenders depend on borrowers’ debt rollover to line their wallets. It’s worth noting that the “fee bleed” associated w ith these two types of loans varies greatly depending on what state you live in. Those that enforce more lending regulation bleed less.For more information on payday loans, scams,  cash advances, and  title loans,  check out our state financial guides  including, Illinois, Texas, Florida and more.Visit  OppLoans  on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIn

Long Term and Short Term Causes of the Arab/ Israeli Conflict

The Arab Israeli conflict. The Arab/Israeli conflict is a conflict between the Arabs and the Jews over a small piece of land known as the holy land which is an area in the Middle East of the Arab world. The Arabs call the land Palestine, the Jews call it Israel but both religions have strong religious links with the land. There is conflict between the two religions because they both believe that the land belongs to them. it all started back in 135 AD when the Jews were expelled from theyre homeland in Palestine causing them too spread out across Europe creating the Diaspora. Although the jews had been forced to leave the homeland they never lost their identity as jews and still longed too return to their†¦show more content†¦in 1918 britain aided by the arabs captured palestine from the the ottoman turks but britain had now made too many promises that hey couldnt keep . Many Arabs opposed British troops because of Englands failure to fulfill its promise and were also getting angry about the increase of jewish migrating to palestine. Arabs became concerned that Jewish immigration would threaten their position in Palestine which lead to large scale attacks on the jews. At the time of Hitlers dictatorship in Germany, Jewish immigration increased dramatically in 1933. An Arab revolt started which Britain suppressed with the help of Zionist militias. Zionist settlements climaxed in 1936. In 1947, Britain forbid Jewish refugees from nazi concentration camps to land in Palestine to prevent war between Jews and Arabs, which resulted in worldwide criticism of Britain. Britain withdrew itself from the situation handing over the mandate over Palestine, leaving the United Nations to deal with the situation. The United Nations proposed that Palestine was divided into two states, one for the Arabs and one for the Jews, however the Arabs opposed this idea claiming that the UN plan allotted too much territory to the Jews. the arabs thought it was unfair that the jews should get more land beca use the arabs were by far the larger population but because of the holocaust the was a lot of sympathy for the jews and this may be why the got more land. On May 14th 1948 Israel becameShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of The Great Power Involvement In The Middle East895 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The Great Power involvement in the Middle East politics often creates and contributes to more conflicts and wars. The Middle East, a region described by Victor Israelyan as ‘one of sharp confrontation between the two superpowers unavoidably fell victim to such pressures. As forms of involvement, the great powers support each respected ally with weapons, troops and even intelligence report, as demonstrated in 1967 war. History has provided us a lesson about great power involvement inRead MoreHatred Between Israelis and the Palestinians Essay2070 Words   |  9 PagesHatred Between Israelis and the Palestinians The fear, suspicion and hatred between the Palestinians and the Israelis are present because of many causes, both short term and long term. Both the Israelis and the Palestinians believe they have cause to hate each other. One of the earliest long-term events that contribute to the current hostility is the Deir Yassin massacre in 1948-9. The Deir Yassin massacre was caused by Operation Dalet, which was launched by the Read MoreThe Treaty of Camp David1874 Words   |  7 Pageswhat extent was the treaty of Camp David of 1978 a turning point in the History of Arab Israeli conflicts from confrontation to peace making? In considering the Arab Israeli conflicts there were many disputes issues and turning points in the 20th century. Wars broke out such as the 1948-1949 Arab Israeli war in order for Israeli state to emerge . Many other wars followed such as the Suez war the 6 day war all conflicts had major consequences. However the war that changed the Middle East for ever wasRead More Struggles Within the Middle East: United States Supplying Israel During the Yom Kippur War2171 Words   |  9 PagesIn October of 1973, a war between the Arabic states of Egypt and Syria and the state of Israel broke out known as the Yom Kippur War. Being vastly overwhelmed by the Arabic states in terms of sheer volume of troops and equipment, Israel turned toward its ally in the West, the United States. With profound diplomatic pressure from multiple Arabic states, the United States found itself in an increasingly difficult position. In an effort to create the best outcome for America in both the Middle EastRead Mor eBenedict Andersons Ideas of Nationalism1858 Words   |  7 Pagescould simultaneously address Palestinian anger over Israeli settlements on the one hand, and Israels persistent security concerns on the other, against a backdrop of political tumult and popular uprisings in neighboring Egypt. By understanding these theories, State Department pronouncements can sell the idea of peaceful coexistence over the heads of governments and directly to the people in the street who are making policy in the wake of the Arab Spring. Analysis In the chapter on cultural roots,Read More Palestine and Israel Essay2458 Words   |  10 PagesPalestine and Israel Our views of world conflicts such as war are influenced by the part of the world in which we live. When exploring media coverage of discord, it is important to think about where the author is from and how it has influenced the way he/she has portrayed disharmony. Reports on a world conflict can express extremely different views depending on the social values and understandings of the writers. One must read articles that address the issue of war with cultural relativismRead MoreArab-Israeli Conflict Essay1762 Words   |  8 Pages Arab-Israeli Conflict During the First World War (1914-1918), Britain met with problems concerning promises made, yet not being kept. Britain, knowing that it needed all the help it could get against the German allies, promised land to people who desperately wanted it. However, as it was revealed Britain had no intention of honouring their word. The first promise to be made was to the Arabs, in a desperate attempt to overpower one of the countries the British wereRead MoreMass Killings And Its Effects On Society3280 Words   |  14 Pagesa murderer is 33.5 years old. Despite this fact, mass killings involve people of different ages and occupations. There is a vast percent of teenagers, who commit murders within the walls of the school (Duwe, 2005). It may seem that gun access may cause gun abuse and violence among residents, which later results in mass killings (Fox, 2013). However, it is essential to see into the roots of the problem. Community believes that a free access to gun results in violence and gun abuse. All life facilitiesRead MoreHow Has Realism Theory Played a Key Role in Israeli and Palestinian Relations 2189 Words   |  9 PagesJudaic and Arabian societies have engaged in one of the most complicated and lengthy conflicts known to mankind, the makings of a highly difficult peace process. Unfortunately for all the world’s peacemakers the Arab-Israeli conflict, particularly the war between Israel and the Palestinian Territories, is rooted in far more then ethnic tensions. Instead of drawing attention towards high-ranking officials of the Israeli government and Hamas, focus needs to be diverted towards the more suspect and subtleRead More The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in the Middle East Essay3520 Words   |  15 PagesThe Palestinian-Israeli Conflict in the Middle East The Arab world is not in a compromising mood†¦ Nations never concede; they fight. You won’t get anything by peaceful means or compromise. You can, perhaps get something, but only by the force of your arms†¦But it’s too late to talk of peaceful solutions† (Bard 1). The Arab League Secretary Azzam Pasha said this statement on September 16, 1947, eight months before the state of Israel was established. The Arabs held this mentality in a time when

The Term Emotional Intelligence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 558 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/06 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Emotional Intelligence Essay Did you like this example? The term Emotional Intelligence (EI) was first coined by Daniel Goleman in 1995 in a book with the same name and referred to a persons ability to be aware of and manage their emotions and the emotions of others (Goleman, 1995, 2004; Cooper, 2010; Mishar Bangun, 2014, Daniel, 2018). Goleman (2004) indicated that EI consists of five (5) component which include empathy, motivation, self-awareness, self-regulation and social skills. Indeed, having mastered their own emotions, they are equipped with a better understanding of the emotional states of others and are thus more adept at managing interpersonal relationships (Goleman, 1995, 2004; Cooper, 2010, Daniel, 2018). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Term Emotional Intelligence" essay for you Create order In fact, scholars have proffered that Emotional Intelligence is even more important that ones Intelligence Quotient especially in leadership roles and in light of more cultural diversity and the dependence on teamwork in the workplace (Goleman, 2004; Daniel, 2018). Furthermore, an increasing number of research studies have shed light on the matter of emotional intelligence and its correlation to an individuals behaviours, whether by the performance of children at school or employees at a work place. Rafaila (2015) showed the importance of emotional intelligence among children with children using EI as a tool to solve many issues including activities and interpersonal relationships. From a study on Pakistani university teachers, researchers looked at the link between EI and job performance and were able to show that EI has a significant impact on the teachers job performance (Asrar-ul-Haq, Anwar. Hassan. 2017). Indeed, teachers with higher EIs were able to communicate more effectively, provide better life skills guidance to their students and had an overall positive attitude that engendered learning (Asrar-ul-Haq, Anwar Hassan. 2017). Another study looked at the link between emotional intelligence and creative performance on frontline hospitality employees with creativity referring to the ability to be innovative and problem solve in the workplace (Darvishmotevalia., Altinay De Vitac, 2018). The study showed that employees with higher EIs were able to be more innovative especi ally with issues requiring cultural intelligence and uncertainty in the work environment (Darvishmotevalia., Altinay De Vitac, 2018). Even in the area of romance, a meta- analytical study revealed that persons with higher EI reported greater relationship satisfaction (Malouf et al., 2014). The question now lies, does correlation equate to causation. Now whilst the tried and true answer has always been that correlation does not equal causation, Asher and Asher (1976) proposed a guide whereby in certain circumstances correlation may equate causation. The three criteria outlined included that the variables or phenomena must covey that the relationship must not be spurious and the cause must either occur simultaneously or precede the supposed effect. Indeed, it would seem then that the correlation between increased EI and increased performance in life (work, school and in romantic relationships) does not equate to causation as whilst the relationship is consistent and holds true across many diverse variables or settings, there are examples where EI did not correlate to performance. A good example of this would be the study conducted by Salavera et al. (2017) where higher EI did not correlate to increased creativity. Further, this study may lend assistance to the argument r egarding the role of individual differences in behaviour and that EI is not the only factor at play when it comes to individual behaviour. In summary, whilst several studies have shown correlation with emotional intelligence and persons behavour, EI is not the only factor the drives behaviour and thus one must also factor in the role of individual differences.

The Ethos Of Art Nouveau Across The Arts And Architecture

The Ethos of Art Nouveau across the Arts and Architecture. Art Nouveau – ‘A style of art and architecture of the 1890s, characterised by the swelling sinuous outlines and stylized natural forms, such as flowers and leaves.’ (The definition of art nouveau) The name derives from ‘Maison de ‘Art Nouveau’, an interior design gallery in Paris in 1896 however the movement had multiple names throughout Europe, such as ‘Jgendstil’ in Germany; in Italy Stile Liberty or Floreale ; in Spain Modernista , in Austria Sezessionstil and in France and England the term Modern Style was often used, highlighting the English roots of the movement. The Art Nouveau style doesn’t specifically come from just European history, but also involves a combination of intricate, oriental and classical elements, wanting to create a contrast from traditional forms. The movement was applied across all the arts, including interior and furniture design, illustration, fine art and architecture and was characterise d with graceful, asymmetrical lines inspired from natural and organic forms, including striking and powerful imagery which is now immediately recognisable and widely appreciated as a form of artistic style. The style includes geometrical and more abstract patterns and rhythms. The components of this style said that all art should be available, equal and appreciated by everyone: Art for art s sake. There are wide variations used in this style depending on where it appeared and theShow MoreRelatedMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesthe society he writes in and for, and which is neither literary idiom nor literary style. Within any literary form there is a general choice of tone, of ethos . . . and there is precisely where the writer shows himself clearly as an individual because this is where he commits himself (p. 19). Thus, writing is the tone, delivery, purpose, ethos and naturalness of a writer s expression (p. 21); it is essentially the morality of form, the choice of that social area within which the writer elects

What Ails India free essay sample

The word democracy stands for peoples rule. This implies that the people in question are capable of ruling, or, in other words, capable of voting for the right people to rule. Proper voting requires a certain minimum level of social awareness and sense of responsibility. If the vast majority of a population is illiterate and uneducated, social awareness is poor, and elections have little meaning. Also, if the vast majority of a population is poor, social responsibility is low. When a person does not know where his next meal is coming from or when, he can hardly be expected to understand or worry about his vote. Votes are therefore cheap in India. Anyone can buy them. The right price could be as little as a food packet or a pair of thongs (footwear) on election day. We will write a custom essay sample on What Ails India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Truckloads of such items can be seen moving around towns and villages in India on election day. Democracy in India is therefore a game that is all about numbers; about getting a majority vote in elections. It is not about HOW these votes are obtained. How does democracy destroy a country if introduced prematurely? Lesson 1: If a country adopts democracy before it is ready for it, its infrastructure will suffer badly. Lesson 2: If a country adopts democracy before it is ready for it, its society will get heavily divided along every possible division (including language, caste and religion). Lesson 3: If a country adopts democracy before it is ready for it, its population will grow very rapidly and out of control. Lesson 4: If a country follows democracy before it is ready for it, its society will be highly corrupt. Introduction – visit to a country of paradoxes Let us take you on a visit to a large and interesting country. While visiting this country, we are especially interested in understanding the health system prevailing there.

Essay on Prozac Harmful Or Helpful Essay Example

Essay on Prozac Harmful Or Helpful Paper Many people suffer from depression at some point in their lives. Among women in western countries, major depression is by far the most common illness (Shorter 43). Treatment for depression varies among health care providers, but the prescription of antidepressants seems to be the most common remedy. Prozac and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are being used to treat depression, panic disorder, bulimia, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and many other illnesses. Prozac has become the most common and best-selling antidepressant in the United States. It has been prescribed for over twenty-one million people (Packard 18). Nonetheless, many of these people are unnecessarily taking Prozac and it is doing them more harm than good. There are many possible causes for depression, ranging from stress, physical and emotional changes, crises, and chemical imbalance in the brain. There are also several ways to treat depression such as therapy, a change in diet, and a regular exercise program. The current trend is for doctors to immediately prescribe Prozac before exploring the other treatment options. However, Prozac â€Å"was associated with more hospitalizations, deaths, or other serious adverse reactions reported to the FDA than any other drug in America† (qtd. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Prozac Harmful Or Helpful specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Prozac Harmful Or Helpful specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Prozac Harmful Or Helpful specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer in Freundlich 2). Eli Lilly Pharmaceutical Company created Prozac in 1974, but it wasn’t approved by the FDA until 1987. The first of the SSRIs, Prozac inhibits or blocks the recapture of the neurotransmitter serotonin by nerve cells (â€Å"Prozac† 2). This allows the serotonin to remain in the brain for a longer period of time creating a lasting euphoric state. Serotonin plays a complex part in the functioning of the body and brain. Researchers and doctors are just starting to understand its role. â€Å"So far, the tools used to manipulate serotonin in the human brain are more like pharmacological machetes than they are like scalpelscrudely effective but capable of doing plenty of collateral damage† (Lemonick 3). Prozac is supposed to help improve a person’s mood by increasing the level of serotonin present in the brain. However, problems can occur if receptors in the brain stem and spinal cord are over-stimulated. Sufferers endure fever, chills, muscle spasms, agitation and confusion, dubbed â€Å"serotonin syndrome† (â€Å"Warning† 1). Frank Van Meerendonk was prescribed Prozac in 1990. He was taking this medication not because of depression but for dizziness, fatigue, tinnitus and hearing loss, after severe flu. After five days on Prozac, he was a wreck. â€Å"I felt as if a magnet were pulling the back of my head. There were electrical surges rising in my body I was terrified† (qtd. in â€Å"Warning† 1). He was suffering from serotonin syndrome. â€Å"Serotonin syndrome is a very dangerous and a potentially fatal side effect of serotonergic enhancing drugs which can have multiple psychiatric and non-psychiatric symptoms† (â€Å"What is Serotonin Syndrome? † 1). This toxic condition requires increased clinical awareness in order to prevent, identify, and treat the condition immediately. The rate of incidence of this syndrome is on the rise. The suspected cause of that increase is the introduction of the SSRIs. Serotonin syndrome is generally caused by a combination of two or more drugs, one of which is often a selective serotonergic medication. The drugs which are known to most frequently contribute to this condition are the combining of monoamine oxidase inhibitor with Prozac. The best treatment for serotonin syndrome is to cease taking the offending medication or medications and wait for the symptoms to resolve. If the offending medication is discontinued, the condition will frequently resolve on its own within twenty-four hours (â€Å"What is Serotonin Syndrome? † 1-2). Many victims of the over-prescription of Prozac are children. In 1997, at least 580,000 children (Huffington, â€Å"Peppermint† 28) were being prescribed Prozac, even though safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients had not, and still has not, been established (Huffington, â€Å"U. S. Attention† 1). As with most antidepressant prescriptions, doctors are prescribing Prozac for children without any psychiatric evaluation. Yet, in a Prozac ad, symptoms of depression included feeling â€Å"unusually sad or irritable† to finding it â€Å"hard to concentrate,† both of which are things that all normal children experience at some time (Huffington, â€Å"Peppermint† 28). Prozac and other SSRIs are some of the biggest money makers ever for the pharmaceutical companies. The use of Prozac among children from ages 6-12 went from 41,000 in 1995 to 203,000 in 1996 (â€Å"ICFDA† 3). The number of new Prozac prescriptions written for children increased almost four hundred percent in just one year. Prozac is a very potent mind-altering drug that has not been approved for use in children and yet â€Å"children are popping it like candy† (3). One 30mg dose has clearly been shown to double the level of cortisol. An elevated amount of cortisol impairs the development and regeneration of the liver, kidneys and muscles. It also slows linear growth (3). It is perfectly legal for doctors to prescribe Prozac to children, but â€Å"off-label† prescribing can be complicated. When a drug is tested and a dosage is set for an adult body, the same medication given to a person half the size can have unexpected effects. Antidepressants can lead to agitation and nervousness in anyone, in children, they may trigger full-blown manic episodes (Kluger 94). In a study completed at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center six percent of the children treated became manic (Crowley 74). Mania is not the only major risk for children taking Prozac. Emotional development might also suffer. â€Å"It’s one thing to fool around with the serotonin levels in a brain that’s already hardened and set, but quite another thing to manipulate a young, still elastic brain† (Kluger 94). Kids are receiving antidepressants not in addition to care and counseling, but as a cheap substitute. A 1995 study discovered that counseling and medication, when combine, are the most effective ways to treat depression and also less costly in the long run, since they may help prevent recurrences (Scheller 18). After all, â€Å"A pill alone is not usually a cure† (Crowley 74). Drug companies sponsor research and offer grants, trips, and other financial enticements which contaminate the findings of the research. In an article in the British Medical Journal, three physicians editorialize that Prozac is not addictive. The doctors had just returned from an all-expense paid trip, courtesy of Prozac manufacturer Eli Lily, to a symposium in Phoenix (Huffington, â€Å"U. S. Attention† 1). Peter Breggin, author of Talking Back to Prozac, researched clinical trials of the drug before it was marketed and concluded that they were inadequate because: -they were too short (four to six weeks) -they did not include children, the elderly, or the suicidal -many patients dropped out following adverse reactions -patients were given sedatives to reduce Prozac’s stimulating effect -fewer than one in three trials showed Prozac to be effective (â€Å"Warning† 3). The bulk of studies done for the FDA approval of psychiatric drugs such as Prozac show them to be of no value. The companies are allowed to choose two often marginally or questionably successful studies as ‘proof’ that the drugs work. If Prozac is not a miracle medicine then why are so many people still taking it? Prozac is no more effective than any other antidepressant. It â€Å" is not a wonder drug. People on Prozac do not have unusual or sensational results† (â€Å"Prozac’s Can† 1). But it, along with other SSRIs, is more often prescribed than other antidepressants because they have less severe side effects. Still, all SSRIs have side effects such as sexual dysfunction, nausea and other gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea, headache, dry mouth, nervousness or agitation, sweating, dizziness, tremors, and sleepiness or insomnia. These side effects can cause serious problems for some patients. Alternative treatments such as change in diet or exercise would not lead to these side effects. Numerous doctors acknowledge that Prozac is not as effective as they had believed at first. A Flemish psychiatrist, Dr. Guido Peeters proposed that: â€Å"It is well known in medical circles that you are more likely to prescribe a drug when it is new. There’s a placebo effect that produces hope in the scientific community and among patients. Prozac seemed to work well in the beginning and it can be useful, although it’s probably over-prescribed. It’s easy for doctors to hand out pills and many patients prefer to go for the ‘quick-fix’ pill rather than discuss their problems (qtd. in â€Å"Warning† 4). Prozac is a result of our lackadaisical culture’s tendency to medicate major social problems rather than act on them. â€Å"The over-prescribing of drugs has made possible the supression of signals a society needs to detect and address growing problems† (Huffington, â€Å"U. S. Attention† 1). Psychiatric drugs should be prescribed by psychiatric doctors. The percentage of people wrongly taking antidepressants would drop along with the number of serious adverse reactions. Prescription drugs are the third leading cause of death in America. Every year approximately 200,000 people die from prescription drug reactions and anther 80,000 die from medical malpractice. You have a seven times greater chance of dying walking into your doctor’s office than you do getting behind the wheel of your car (â€Å"ICFDA† 1). When seeking medical help for depression, great caution is advised. Look at all the options. Read the current research. Make sure you know all the side effects of the drug you are about to take, your life may depend on it. Most depressed people would benefit from other non-medicated alternate treatments which they would be more likely to receive if the family doctor no longer had access to the easy way out, Prozac. Works Cited Crowley, Mary. â€Å"Do Kids Need Prozac? † Newsweek 20 Oct. 1997: 73-74. Freundlich, Naomi. â€Å"When the Cure May Make You Sicker. † Online. BusinessWeek. Internet. 15 Apr. 1999. Available: http://www. businessweek. com/1998/11/b3569025. htm Huffington, Arianna. â€Å"Peppermint Prozac. † U. S. News World Report 25 Aug. 1997: 28. . â€Å"U. S. Attention Deficit on Legal Drug Risks. † Online. The Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology. Internet. 19 Apr. 1999. Available: http://www. breggin. com/RitalinAH2. html â€Å"ICFDA. † Online. International Coalition for Drug Awareness. Internet. 3 May 1999. Available: http://www. drugawareness. org/ Kluger, Jeffrey. â€Å"Next Up: Prozac. † Time 30 Nov. 1998: 94. Lemonick, Michael D. â€Å"The Mood Molecule. † Online. Time. Internet. 15 Apr. 1999. Available: http://cgi. pathfinder. com/time/magazine/1997/dom/970929 Packard, Helen C. Prozac: The Controversial Cure. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. , 1998. â€Å"Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil. † Online. Internet. 28 Apr. 1999. Available: http://www. depression. com/anti/anti_09_ssri. htm â€Å"Prozac’s Can and Can’t-do Powers. † Online. Internet. 3 May 1999. Available: http://www. obs-us. com/obs/english/books/pg/pg280. htm Scheller, Melanie. â€Å"The Brave New World of Antidepressants. † Current Health Jan. 1997: 16-18. Shorter, Edward. â€Å"How Prozac Slew Freud. † American Heritage Sept. 1998: 42-44+ â€Å"Warning: This Wonder Drug Could Seriously Damage Your Health. † Online. The Center for the Study of Psychiatry and Psychology. Internet. 18 Apr. 1999. Available: http://www. breggin. com/bulletinprozac5. html â€Å"What is Serotonin Syndrome? † Online. International Coalition for Drug Awareness. Internet. 3 May 1999. Available: http://www. drugawareness. org/ serosyndrome. html

Blackness as an Abstract Concept essays

Blackness as an Abstract Concept essays Blackness is not an abstract concept; rather it is a sense of being. Blackness in America has been determined by the ideas of society and every day experiences within the Black Community. However, members of the Black community did not always accept being black. Members within the community saw the act of being black as shameful or roadblock on the path to success. Thoughts of passing, trying to go by a white identity, have existed on full and semi-conscious levels. The works Quicksand and Passing by Nella Larsen and The Autobiography of An Ex-Colored Man by James Weldon Johnson all show examples of these different streams of consciousness, Since the era of slavery in the United States being Black has been stigmatized. Blackness brought pain, suffering, subordination, and the eternal struggle. The history of Blacks in America has also been one of suffering, especially in the Southern states. Lynching, segregation, Jim Crow, violence and racism in its many forms became part of the African American experience. Society had harsh reactions towards Blackness. These attitudes began to affect the Black psyche. Black is defined as, angry, threatening, wicked, sinister, and deadly. The strong abhorrence society had for blackness soon began to affect those within The Veil. W.E.B. DuBois used the words The Veil to show the ambivalency of the African American within American society. Most immigrants assimilated into society however, African American could not just assimilate due to the color of their skin. Other immigrants who came to America and who obviously looked different from Caucasian America also began to persecute the Blacks. The African-American then became the interloper. The African-American did nto develop a distinct consciousness of self. DuBois penned these feelings perfectly in his sociological masterpiece The Souls of Black Folks: Why did God make me an outcast and a stranger in mine...

Why New York University Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Locate and compare what it means to be a slave in Phillis Wheatley's poetry and Philip Freneau's poetry - Essay Example This makes clear the importance of Phillis as the first African American writer. Philip Freneau was a friend of Jefferson, and he is also known the â€Å"Father of American Literature†. What slavery means in their poems is the focus of this paper. Fortunately, when Phillis Wheatley was sold in the American slave market, she was bought by a Bostonian named Wheatley, who was kind towards the girl. She was only seven years old, with a fragile body. She could not live long. She was always ill. She learned English within a short period. She was also an ardent Christian. She being the first slave woman to become a poet, the readers naturally had expectations about her. They expected her personal emotions to run through the poems. But she wrote poems mainly addressed to the white people. Her first volume of poems, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, was published in 1773. Most of her poems are either dedicated to famous personalities, or they are elegies. Her own situations, revealing her emotions as a slave hardly appear anywhere. In fact, there is nothing much in her poems to bracket her as a slave poet, speaking for the emancipation of the oppressed class in America. The only recognition is that she proved that a slav e is also a human being capable of being intelligent and becoming a great poet, a genius. This gave the abolitionists a chance to quote her as a fine example for giving better attention to the blacks in the field of education. Sometimes, the impression Phillis gives is that she was grateful to God for being a Negro, a slave, and for getting a chance to be a Christian and American. She even pleaded God to save all Negroes similarly. In her poem, â€Å"On being Brought from Africa to America†, she says â€Å"It was mercy brought me from my pagan land†. The word â€Å"mercy† is a confusing word. Mercy to God for whatever happened to her in her life could be the

Vulnerability Of Children Contributing Factors Health And Social Care Essay

Vulnerability Of Children Contributing Factors Health And Social Care Essay The purpose of this chapter is to establish an understanding of the state of children in South Africa, to understand the contributing factors to their vulnerability affecting their quality of life on a multi-dimensional level, and the impact of HIV and AIDS as one of the primary contributors to childrens vulnerability. In light of the information provided within this chapter, the full extent of the basic needs of children in South Africa could provide a foundation for understanding the churchs past successes and failures in order to promote a possible urgent consideration of new approaches. the state of children There is an urgent call for the involvement of faith-based organisations (FBO, like the church), non-governmental organisations (NGO) and local governments to assist in addressing the needs of vulnerable children (Blackman, 2007; Musa, 2005; Olsen, Knight Foster, 2006; Stephenson, Gourley, Miles, 2004). This urgent call stems is in light of the poor quality of life for these children, as well as the contributing factor of the HIV and AIDS pandemic. The church and other FBOs have been recognised by various authors and organisations in their partnership and role in community-based organisations (CBO) (Hoff, 1998; Olson, Messinger, Sutherland Astone, 2005; Olson, Knight Foster, 2006; Unruh Sider, 2005). The role of churches is widely recognised as a change agent whose involvement goes beyond just the here and now. But Unruh and Sider (2005) as well as Mitchell (2001) argue that churches, who are already involved in community development as their approach to social ministries, are not as effective as they ought to be and call for the urgent consideration of their approaches, underlying perspectives and motives. This urges the church to comprehend what the specific needs of orphaned and vulnerable children are, and to consider its effectiveness and its perspectives on how these needs can be addressed. Within the recommended community development response for the church as outlined by various authors (August, 1999; Dreyer, 2004; Du Toit, 2002; Liebenberg, 1996; Myers, 1999; Myers, 2006 and Vilanculo, 1998), there is an urgent call to be needs-based that is developed through the various methods and principles such a response involves. It is therefore essential to comprehend the general state of children, as the causes of vulnerability amongst children can only be understood when their realities are explained and projected. Only within the understanding of their vulnerability and contributing factors, can childrens needs be effectively met and thereby their quality of life improved. There are various statistical estimates and projections on the realities of children, concerning the numbers of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in South Africa. Within these various sources, discrepancies were identified between the different sources. The data include projections with regard to HIV prevalence, orphanhood, AIDS related deaths and even total populations. These discrepancies were compared and discussed within the work of Dorrington et al. (2006:27) for the year 2005. No actual data on the true state of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) were found or concluded as the available statistical data are all projections. Dorrington et al. (2006:17) reaffirm the use of the ASSA2003 Model, but encourage comparison with other projections. Bray (2003:44) raises further concerns regarding the methods used to calculate the estimates and projections in respect of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC), but Bray is even more concerned with what one does with these projections and calls for the careful use of such projected data. Her concerns are based on the labelling of the children as well as the intended outcomes of interventions and the nature thereof. No source could however be found that denies the estimates and projections of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC). For this reason, only statistical data from four authoritative sources, due to their global involvement, leadership and advocacy in this regard ASSA2003 Model (University of Cape Town), Statistics South Africa, UNAIDS and UNICEF will be referred to in considering the regional and national data. The sources used in this study can be accepted as authentic and trustworthy due to the sources national and international activism for children and research within this field of study. Due to the trend in the past ten years of projected figures fluctuating to an unreliable extent, these projections will be handled with great caution. It also needs to be stressed that all projections and statistics provided here are estimates only. The statistical data provided within this study are included merely for the understanding of the realities children are facing and the contribution of these circumstances to the vulnerability of children. Statistical sources from primarily the past eight years (2001 2009) will be quoted and referred to, and all other sources (older than four years and other than ASSA, Stats SA, UNAIDS and UNICEF) will be weighed against these to determine the autonomy of their arguments and statements. 2.2.1 Defining orphans and vulnerable children In order to comprehend the reality of vulnerable children within the context of this study, a clear understanding of the two terms orphans and vulnerable children is needed. Skinner et al., (2006:620) refers to the importance of considering the situation of children orphaned by AIDS, but emphasizes that by looking at orphans affected by AIDS only, does not encompass the full scale of the reality of children, since the HIV pandemic as well as surrounding poverty are creating a context in which large numbers of children are made vulnerable. It needs to be stated clearly that within the understanding of the reality of children and interventions to assist them, it is acknowledged that HIV and AIDS are a major contributor, but not the primary cause or contributor to the vulnerability of children. HIV and AIDS feature as prominent factors contributing to the vulnerability of children but it cannot be separated from other contributing factors. Orphans According to Skinner et al. (2006:620) the most accepted definition of an orphan is a child who has lost one or both parents through death But this definition could also include loss of parents through desertion or if the parents are unable or unwilling to provide care. They refer in most cases to the absent parent as being the father (Skinner et al., 2006:620). Within the literature consulted, the age of the child includes from birth and varies up to between 15 and 21, depending on the context and the level of dependency on care-givers. According to Skinner et al., (2006:620), within the orphan grouping, levels of vulnerability are discerned by an understanding of the direct environment of these children. These environmental understandings are used to understand these orphans within an implicit classification system, such as the nature of their caregivers i.e., extended families, foster parents, community caregivers, child-headed households and institutional care, the level of additional assistance required, and between maternal, paternal and double orphans (2006:620). Various authors have raised their concerns with regard to stigmatizations when defining an orphan within a group such as AIDS-orphans; or their level of vulnerability within their environmental understanding such as the term OVC (Engle, 2008:9; Save the Children, 2007:29; Skinner et al., 2006:620; Smart, 2003:4). Care must therefore be taken with how any term relating to orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) is used as they become objectified or targets for stigma and segregation which further contributes to their vulnerability. Vulnerable Children Vulnerability is not an absolute state because there are degrees of vulnerability which depend on the situation of the child. According to Skinner et al. (2006:620) there are a number of contributing factors to a childs vulnerability and each of these adds to the cumulative load that the child carries. For them, the extent of the crisis and additional problems associated with it also affect the impact on the child (2006:620). Vulnerability is a very complex concept to define and very often the understanding thereof is limited to the circumstance of the child. According to Smart, (2003:4) the concept of vulnerability is not only restricted to individuals, such as children, but is often used to refer to households as well. There does seem to be a link between poverty and vulnerability suggesting that policies and interventions to improve vulnerability among the poor in general, will also have a positive impact on disadvantaged orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) (Smart, 2003:4). The South African Department of Social Development, defines a vulnerable child as a child whose survival, care, protection or development may be compromised due to a particular condition, situation or circumstance and which prevents the fulfilment of his or her rights (2005:5). These conditions could be identified by the following criteria according to Department of Social Development (2005:13), Engle (2008:10) and Skinner et al., (2006:623): A child who is below the age of 18, and meets one or more of the following criteria, is made vulnerable by it as it influences their quality of life: Has a chronically ill parent/caregiver (regardless of whether the parent/caregiver lives in the same household as the child), or Lives in a household where in the past 12 months at least one adult died and was sick for 3 of the 12 months before he/she died, or Lives in a household where at least one adult was seriously ill for at least 3 months in the past 12 months, or Living with very old and frail caregivers, or Lives in a household that receives and cares for orphans, or Lives outside of family care (i.e., lives in an institution or on the streets), Is born of a teenage or single mother; Is abused or ill-treated by a step-parent or relatives; Is living with a parent or an adult who lacks income-generating opportunities; Has lost one or both parents; Children whose survival, well-being or development is impacted by HIV or AIDS; Any physical or mental handicap; or any other long-term difficulty that would make it difficult for the child to function independently Skinner et al., (2006:623). These indicators could include the following constantly present signs: insufficient nutrition, signs of hunger, signs of insufficient sleep, poor hygiene or cannot engage in personal care and does not have clothing or clothing is dirty or damaged (Skinner et al., 2006:623). Illness, either HIV or other major illness; and emotional or psychological problems (Skinner et al., 2006:623); According to them these indicators could include apathy or helplessness that might show in the child as being unhappy, dull, being miserable or lack of motivation, neglect of schoolwork, irregular attendance of school or not performing well at school, low school enrolment rates, high repetition rates, and/or high drop out rates (2006:623). Low immunisation and limited or no access to health services, malnutrition, and a high burden of disease; Abuse at emotional, physical or sexual level; use of drugs (e.g., glue, alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or crack) and not receiving adequate care (Skinner et al., 2006:623) particularly love, guidance and support; intra-household neglect when compared to other children in the household (2006:623). At a higher risk than their local peers of experiencing infant, child and adolescent mortality; Family and community abuse and maltreatment (harassment and violence); Economic and sexual exploitation, due to lack of care and protection It can be concluded, that even though the HIV and AIDS pandemic is evident as a major contributor and the presence of it will be visible in almost every aspect of being vulnerable; these as well as other factors contributing to vulnerability, must be acknowledged and considered within the wider context of other children. HIV and AIDS is not the only contributor to the problem of orphanhood and vulnerability. Other factors like poverty, wars, abuse, non-HIV related illnesses and natural and unnatural deaths, contribute significantly to the problem of orphanhood and vulnerability amongst children (Simbayi, Kleintjies, Ngomane, Tabane, Mfecane Davids, 2006:20). It is thus important that HIV and orphan interventions attend to the needs of all children, rather than focussing solely on those children affected by HIV/AIDS. 2.2 The SOCIAL STATe OF CHILDREN in SOUTH AFRICA South Africa is being considered as a developing country and an inspiration for the African Renaissance and humanitarian development. With South Africa supposable having the worlds best Constitution and Bill of Rights (Dinokeng, 2009:9), one would expect a reflection thereof in the reality of the lives of the children of South Africa. The National picture the general state of South Africas children The following data are year specific, but reflects the vulnerability of children in South Africa which is the primary focus of the inclusion of this data in this study. In 2006, there were 18.2 million children in South Africa and they constituted 38% of the countrys population, of which 38% were between 6 and 12 years, 34% being younger than 6 years and 28% were teenagers (13 17 years old) (Proudlock, Dutschke, Jamieson, Monson Smith, 2008:64). The livelihood-realities of South African children From all the children in South Africa, in 2006 an estimated 12.3 million or 68% of them lived in households with an income of less than R1 200 per month (Proudlock et al., 2008:63). A further 2.8 million or 16% of all children were living in households across South Africa where children were reported as hungry (sometimes, often or always) because there was not enough food (Proudlock et al., 2008:63; Stats SA, 2006:41). An estimated 10 million or 54% of South Africas children lived in rural areas according to research done in 2004. The Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo provinces were home to about 74% of all rural children in South Africa of which Limpopo was proportionally the most rural province, where only 12% of children lived in urban areas. In the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces, there is more of an equal split between children living in urban and rural areas. In Gauteng there were 96% and in the Western Cape 87% of the children urban-based. It is a general practice that adults living in rural areas, often move to urban areas in search of work, while their children remain in the rural areas and are cared for by the extended family. There was an indication that babies younger than one year were more likely to be living in urban areas than older children, which suggests that babies born in urban areas initially remain with their mothers (Proudlock et al., 2008:87). The number of children living in informal housing (backyard dwellings or shacks in informal settlements) increased from 2.3 million in 2002, to 2.6 million in 2006 and also accounted for 12% of all South African children (Proudlock et al., 2008:86). Children living in formal areas are more likely than those living in informal or traditional dwellings to have basic services on site. They are also more likely to be closer to facilities like schools, libraries, clinics and hospitals than those living in informal settlements or rural areas. Proudlock et al. (2008:90) reflects on children living in informal settlements as being more exposed to hazards such as shack fires and paraffin poisoning. For them, childrens rights to adequate housing means that they should not have to live in informal dwellings (2008:86). Overcrowding is related to a shortage of housing and also to the size of houses being built. In 2006, 5.2 million or 28% of the total child population lived in overcrowded households (Proudlock et al., 2008:90; Stats SA, 2006:41). For Proudlock et al. (2008:90), Overcrowding is a problem because it can undermine childrens needs and rights, and refer to the right to privacy, and health as communicable diseases spread more easily in overcrowded conditions. For them, children in crowded households may struggle to negotiate space for their own activities. These children may also have less access to basic services such as water and electricity (Proudlock et al., 2008:90). Good sanitation is vital for healthy childhood as there are a number of negative consequences for children who are unable to access proper toilets. It is very difficult to maintain good hygiene without water and toilets children are exposed to worms, bacterial infection which compromises nutrition. A lack of adequate sanitation also undermines human dignity (Proudlock et al., 2008:91). In 2006, only 9.9 million, or 55% of South Africas children had access to adequate toilet facilities and 11 million or 61% of South Africas children had access to drinking water on site (Proudlock et al., 2008:91). In 2006, 10.6 million or 96% of all children of school-going age (7 17 years) were attending some form of school or educational facility. These figures however, are not an indication of the regularity of childrens school attendance; the quality of teaching and learning in schools, or about repetition and throughput rates (Proudlock et al., 2008:74; Stats SA, 2006:9). A reason for concern is the number of children who did not attend an educational facility, as according to Proudlock et al., (2008:74) and Stats SA, (2006:9), in 2006 there were about 447,000 children of school-going age that were not attending an educational facility, of which 337,000 were children aged 13 17. Every year there are 20 000 babies stillborn and a further 22 000 babies die before they are a month old (28 days), which accounted for 30% of all child deaths in 2006 (UNICEF, 2008:6). The mortality data for 2006 showed that the highest number of deaths in the whole population occurred in the 0 4 years age group of which the under five year mortality rate (U5MR) increased from 40 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2001 to 72 per 1,000 live births in 2005. The infant mortality rate (IMR) increased from 29 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2001 to 43 per 1,000 live births in 2005 (Proudlock et al., 2008:78;). It is estimated that one in every 17 children dies before the age of 5 (UNICEF, 2008:6). According to Proudlock et al., (2008:80) the leading causes of death in children under five may be divided into four categories: Complications during and shortly after birth According to them (2008:80), the leading causes of death among children younger than 15 years (for 2000 to 2005) are related to perinatal disorders (disorders that occur in the period of late pregnancy to seven days after birth), which means that newborn children and infants under one year are particularly susceptible to diseases. Respiratory and cardiovascular disorders remain the primary cause of death in the perinatal period and, since 2002, it is the highest specific category of death among children under 15 years. By the end of 2003, the perinatal mortality rate was 35.8 per 1,000 for all deliveries, and 26.4 per 1,000 for all infants weighing more than 1,000 grams (Proudlock et al., 2008:80). HIV-related illnesses HIV/AIDS remains the biggest threat to child survival as the HIV- and AIDS-pandemic continues to devastate the well-being and survival of children (Proudlock et al., 2008:80). Diseases directly related to poverty (for example intestinal infectious diseases and malnutrition) Gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases have shown a decline in incidence since 1997, and malnutrition as a cause of death, has halved between 2000 and 2005 (Proudlock et al., 2008:80). Trauma Unnatural causes of death that account for trauma are classified under unspecified unnatural causes, which makes up 7% of child deaths in 2005 (Proudlock et al., 2008:80). It was estimated for 2007, that for every 100,000 people, 41 were raped (of which 40% were children). This statistic is accepted as under-estimated by UNICEF and states that under-reporting of crime is common, especially when it involves people from the same family or community (2008:7). In the majority of crimes that happen within social or domestic settings, the perpetrators and the victims know each other they are family or friends (UNICEF, 2008:7). HIV and AIDS regional data South- Africa According to Smart (2003:7) the HIV- and AIDS-pandemic can be illustrated as a succession of three waves. The first wave is HIV infections, and it is followed some years later by the second wave of AIDS illness and death. This in turn, is followed by the third wave of children being orphaned by HIV and AIDS, with its impact at multiple levels (2003:7). But according to UNICEF (2004a:4) HIV and AIDS start to affect a child early in a parents illness, as children and young people in an HIV and AIDS-affected household begin to suffer long before a parent or caregiver dies, due to the effects resulting in household income that plummets, interrupted schooling and even total fall-out, either to care for a sick parent or to earn money. The impact thereof continues through the course of the illness, as well as throughout the childs development well after the parents death. Various survival strategies are pursued, such as eating less and selling assets, which are contributing to and intensifying the vulnerability of these households. For UNICEF, Children who are deprived of the guidance and protection of their primary caregivers are more vulnerable to health risks, violence, exploitation, and discrimination (2004a:4). According to UNICEF (2004a:3) children affected by HIV and AIDS are not only affected by orphanhood, but they are also made vulnerable when they have an ill parent, are living in poor households that have taken in orphans, are discriminated against because of a family members HIV status, or who have HIV themselves. For then, HIV and AIDS has joined a host of other factors and includes extreme poverty, conflict, and exploitation, which impose additional burdens on societys youngest and most vulnerable members (2004a:3). It is believed that due to the discrepancies in data older than 2005, there was a global under-estimation of the impact of HIV and AIDS pandemic in South Africa, to such an extent that South Africa was not considered to be a country facing the biggest impact of this pandemic, as compared to neighbouring countries like Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. Only in recent literature (from ASSA, UNAIDS, UNICEF and World Bank) dated from 2005, it was realized that South Africa will have the biggest impact of HIV and AIDS thus having the biggest burden of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) due to this pandemic. In 2007, the total South African population was 47.8 million people, of which 18.2 million where children under the age of 17 years (Proudlock et al., 2008:82; UNICEF, 2008:5). In the same year, it was estimated that 5.7 million South Africans were living with HIV, making South Africa the largest pandemic in the world (UNICEF, 2008:7 something not previously considered (UNAIDS/WHO, 2007:16; UNICEF, 2008:7). Women, especially those in their child bearing years, bear the biggest proportion of the HIV infection and a third of pregnant women are estimated to be HIV-positive (UNICEF, 2008:2). The HIV data from antenatal clinics in South Africa suggest that the countrys pandemic might be stabilizing, but there is no evidence yet of major changes in HIV-related behaviour (UNAIDS/WHO, 2007:12). By 2006, 294,000 children under the age of 15 years of age were living with HIV in South Africa (ASSA, 2005:n.p.; Proudlock et al., 2008:82) and the majority of them have been infected through mother-to-child transmission and therefore child prevalence among infants is largely influenced by the HIV prevalence of pregnant women and the interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission (ASSA, 2005:n.p.; Proudlock et al., 2008:84). The highest prevalence amongst these children was in KwaZulu-Natal with 3.2%; Mpumalanga and the Free State with 2.6%; and Gauteng with 2.5 % (ASSA, 2005:n.p; Proudlock et al., 2008:84). The estimates from the ASSA2003 model further suggested that an overall prevalence of 1.2% in 2000 has doubled to 2.1% in 2006 for children under the age of 18 years (ASSA, 2005:n.p.; Proudlock et al., 2008:63). According to UNICEF (2008:24), life expectancy has plummeted by 15 years, from age 65 in 1996 to age 50 in 2005 and 1,000 people die every day as a result of AIDS-related illnesses.. In 2006, approximately 69% of children and adults with advanced HIV infection were receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) (UNICEF, 2008:24) while still between 270 000 and 420 000 people died of AIDS related illnesses in 2006 (UNAIDS/WHO, 2008:7). KwaZulu-Natal had the highest number of deaths (15,209) due to AIDS related illnesses, as well as the second highest number (6,378) of children on ART in that year. Gauteng had the second highest number of child deaths due to AIDS related illnesses, but in the same year it had the highest number of children on ART (6,992) (ASSA, 2005:n.p.; Proudlock et al., 2008:85). According to Proudlock et al., (2008:84), the HIV-pandemic has progressed at a rapid pace over the last decade, and the necessary health services to address the needs of HIV infected children, have not been put in place. This has caused children to not be able to access the life-saving and urgently needed antiretroviral treatment (ART). Children in the path of HIV and AIDS orphans With a large number of factors already mentioned that are contributing to the vulnerability of children, the impact of HIV and AIDS can be expected to be another big contributing factor. In South Africa the number of orphans has been increasing slowly, and as a result has attracted relatively little public attention. In years to come however, the number of orphans is likely to rise rapidly as AIDS mortality increases (Johnson Dorrington, 2001:1). In 2001 they (2001:5) considered South Africas AIDS pandemic as still in its early stages, relative to other African countries, as South Africa has yet to experience the levels of orphanhood observed elsewhere in Africa. This is because there are more people infected with HIV in South Africa than in any other African Country, and it is therefore quite possible that the country will ultimately have more orphans due to AIDS related causes, than any other country on the African continent (Johnson Dorrington, 2001:5). According to UNICEF (2008:24), of all the countries affected by HIV and AIDS, South Africa has the most crushing burden, as a result of having the worlds highest number of HIV infected people. According to Proudlock et. al (2008:66), in 2006, there were 3.7 million total orphans this is equal to 21% of all children in South Africa with 619 000, or 3% of all orphans documented to be maternal orphans, 668 000, or 4 % of all orphans documented to be double orphans and 2.4 million orphans, or 14% of all orphans documented to be paternal orphans. According to them, the number of paternal orphans is this high because of the higher mortality rates of men in South Africa, as well as the frequent absence of fathers in childrens lives (Proudlock et al., 2008:66). Per province, the estimates for 2006 were as follows: KwaZulu-Natal with 978 000 orphans. Eastern Cape 816 000 orphans Limpopo 481 000 orphans Gauteng 392 000 orphans Mpumalanga 286 000 orphans Free State 284 000 orphans North West 281 000 orphans Western Cape 198 000 orphans Northern Cape 52 000 orphans (Proudlock et al., 2008:66) There has been an increase in the number of orphans in the past five years, and according to Proudlock et. al (2008:66) there were approximately 750,000 more children living as orphans in 2006 than in 2002 and consider this increase in light of the HIV- and AIDS-pandemic (2008:66). Further to this, they state that there where about 122,000 children living in an estimated 60,000 child-headed households across South Africa (2008:68). Of these, 89% were located in the following three provinces: Limpopo, KwaZulu-Natal, and the Eastern Cape (Proudlock et al., 2008:68). Yearly an average of 1.1 million babies are born, of which 300,000 were born to HIV-positive mothers and an estimated 78,000 of these babies run the risk of getting infected if nothing is done to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Half of these children die before they reach two years of age (UNICEF, 2008:13). Orphan projections As mentioned, the HIV- and AIDS-pandemic needs to be understood in terms of a series of waves Smart (2003:7). In South Africa, the first of these waves represented new HIV infections which according to Johnson and Dorrington (2001:5) peaked in 1998 at about 930 000 infections per year. This was followed by the second wave of the total number of infections, which was estimated to peak in 2006 at 7.7 million infections (2001:5). The third wave being AIDS deaths, is expected to peak in 2010 with about 800 000 (2001:5 deaths per year, which will lead to the fourth wave being AIDS related orphans. Johnson and Dorrington (2001:4) estimates this wave to peak at 3.7 million maternal orphans (children under the age of 18 years) (2001:13) and 4.71 million paternal orphans (children under the age of 18 years) in 2015, (2001:14) while the total number of children having lost one or both parents is expected to reach its highest level in 2014, at 5.67 million (2001:14). Johnson and Dorrington estimates that in 2015, these orphans (children under the age of 18 years and having lost one or both parents) would be 33% of the total child population, of which 18% would have lost a mother (maternal orphan) and 28% would have lost their father (paternal orphan) and 11% would have lost both their parents (double orphans). They further estimate to remain at these high levels for an expected 15 20 years, due to the general consideration that if a child lost one parent due to AIDS related illnesses, it is most likely for the other parent to also die of AIDS related illnesses, to the extent that by 2020 a total of 40% of all orphans would be considered double orphans (Johnson Dorrington, 2001:14). Giese and Meintjies (2004:2), Johnson and Dorrington (2001:22) call for these projections to be understood as merely predictions in the absence of any major treatment intervention or behaviour changes. Johnson and Dorrington (2001:ii) also states that within these projected orphan estimates, one needs to consider that firstly, relatively few orphaned children are likely to be HIV positive, as most HIV positive orphans do not survive for long enough to constitute a significant proportion of the orphan population. Secondly, the rate of orphanhood is likely to be the highest in the black African population group amongst poor socio-economic groups (2001:ii). Con

Capital Punishment :: essays research papers fc

There has been a total of 374 executions within the United States between 1976 through 1999. The methods of the executions have been electrocutions, lethal injections, gas chambers, firing squads and hangings. Electrocution: An alternating current of about 2000 volts of electricity passes through the body. The criminal is strapped into a specially constructed electric chair. One electrode is applied to the scalp, the other to the calf of one leg. The electrodes are moistened with a salt solution to ensure adequate contact. Death usually occurs within two minutes after the current has started to flow through the body. Lethal Injection A small tube is inserted in the prisoners vein to ensure easy access when its time to inject the poison. The poison is very lethal and death occurs quickly. Gas Chamber The person is sealed in an enclosure where poison pellets of gas are released. The poison pollutes the airways and stops all breathing. The gas pellets strangle the prisoner, taking his or her breath away until the veins under the skin burst. Firing Squad Receiving multiple bullets throughout the body while being shot by a firing line. Death usually occurs from a loss of blood unless shot in the heart. Hanging: Suspending the condemned person by the neck, usually with a noosed rope or cord from a frame with a crosspiece commonly known as a gallow. Death through hanging results from compression of the windpipe, obstruction of blood flow and rupture of nerve structures in the neck. The spinal cord is damaged or severed through the fracture or dislocation of the first three cervical vertebrae. (Andrews, Interquest) Take a minute and think of why most countries don’t use some of the old methods to carry out the death sentence such as: Crucifixion, boiling in oil, beheading, burning alive, crushing, stoning, or drowning. The United States is still using an uncivilized practice that has been rejected by most countries hundreds of years ago. The eighth amendment of the Constitution states against the infliction of cruel and unusual punishment. This is definitely against the Constitution that the United States hold so dearly is just one reason why the death penalty is wrong. (Morgon, p. 52-54) From a religious point of view, many of us were taught that it was wrong to kill per the Ten Commandment’s in the command, â€Å"THY SHALL NOT KILL†. This epitomizes the Divine Command Theory because this was commanded by God and therefore is good.

Literary Analysis of an Unseen Extract Essay

Literary analysis of an unseen extract: how does the author engage the reader through the use of literary devices in your given extract? The first line † In the middle of nowhere†¦ † grabs the readers attention because it gets the reader wondering why this person is in the middle of nowhere, It gives the reader something to think about creating different feeling and emotions towards the reader. As you begin to read on you are given the weathers description â€Å"left behind its feeble breezes, but the heat scorched and smothered them† this shows how hot the country is but with a cool breeze, this creates quite a different affect on the reader because it sets a less mysterious scene to the first line. Near to the end of the first paragraph the word dereliction is used, this means a snse of abandonment is prevailed in the setting as it says â€Å"A deathly silence pervades the dereliction as far as the eye can see. † this shows quite a mysterious and creepy feeling towards the reader, makes you want to read on because it lures you in with the suspicion and suspense. On the second page the atmosphere is described, creating a shocking effect to the reader which again lures the reader to read on and find out more, the use of decriptive words that are used in such small sentences create a dramatic effect. â€Å"†¦ bare of breath of raging battles, rises kabul, or rather whats left of it† this shows a completely different side to Afghanistan to what we was hereing before. Grabbing the readers attention with detailed description of the way the surroundings look, â€Å"Nothing will ever be the same again† this shows a negative feeling that the reader could feel sympathy for the characters involved and this could make the reader want to read on because he/she will want to find out what happens to the characters. Within this extract there is a lot of horrific imagerey used to describe the charcters surroundings â€Å"the ruin of the city walls has spread in to the peoples souls† this is really negative and not quite a pleasant thing to imagine, to me this would pull me into reading the book more because its so strongly written that you can almost imagine every detail in your head, just like your there as one of the characters. The feelings that this extract causes the reader to feel are mixed emotions mostly quite disturbing and negative but definitely grabs the reader to read on, makes you want to keep reading because it snatches the reader from all distractions keepiing them directly focused on whats going to happen next. There is a lot of nature referrances in this extract which  could get the attention of a reader who for example like nature. In my opinion this extract s very good at grabbing the readers attention through descriptive language, It sets the scene and describes almost every detail about what happening around the characters. This would be so interesting to read because you can imagine yourself being there, feeling exactly what every character feels and sees.

Oxygen Facts - Periodic Table of the Chemical Elements

Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and element symbol O. Under ordinary conditions, it can exist as a pure element in the form of oxygen gas (O2) and also ozone (O3). Here is a collection of facts about this essential element. Oxygen  Basic Facts Atomic Number: 8 Symbol: O Atomic Weight: 15.9994 Discovered By:  Credit for the discovery of oxygen is usually given to Carl Wilhelm Scheele. However, there is evidence credit should be given to the Polish alchemist and physician Michael Sendivogius. Sendivogius 1604 work  De Lapide Philosophorum Tractatus duodecim e naturae fonte et manuali experientia depromt,  he describes cibus vitae or food of life. He isolated this substance (oxygen) in experiments conducted between 1598 and 1604 involving the thermal decomposition of potassium nitrate or saltpeter. Discovery Date: 1774 (England/Sweden) or 1604 (Poland) Electron Configuration: [He]2s22p4 Word Origin:  The word oxygen comes from the Greek oxys, meaning sharp or acid and genes, meaning born or former. Oxygen mean acid former. Antoine Lavoisier coined the term oxygen in 1777 during his experiments exploring combustion and corrosion. Isotopes: Natural oxygen is a mixture of three stable isotopes: oxygen-16, oxygen-17, and oxygen-18. Fourteen radioisotopes are known. Properties: Oxygen gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. The liquid and solid forms are a pale blue color and are strongly paramagnetic. Other forms of solid oxygen appear red, black, and metallic. Oxygen supports combustion, combines with most elements, and is a component of hundreds of thousands of organic compounds. Ozone (O3), a highly active compound with a name derived from the Greek word for I smell, is formed by the action of an electrical discharge or ultraviolet light on oxygen. Uses: Oxygen was the atomic weight standard of comparison for the other elements until 1961 when the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry adopted carbon 12 as the new basis. It is the third most abundant element found in the sun and the earth, and it plays a part in the carbon-nitrogen cycle. Excited oxygen yields the bright red and yellow-green colors of the Aurora. Oxygen enrichment of steel blast furnaces accounts for the greatest use of the gas. Large quantities are used in making synthesis gas for ammonia, methanol, and ethylene oxide. It is also used as a bleach, for oxidizing oils, for oxy-acetylene welding, and for determining carbon content of steel and organic compounds. Biology: Plants and animals require oxygen for respiration. Hospitals frequently prescribe oxygen for patients. Approximately two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of the mass of water is oxygen. Element Classification: Oxygen is classified as a nonmetal. However, it should be noted a metallic phase of oxygen was discovered in 1990. Metallic oxygen forms when solid oxygen is pressurized above 96 GPa. This phase, at very low temperatures, is a superconductor. Allotropes: The usual form of oxygen near the Earths surface is dioxygen, O2. Dioxygen or gaseous oxygen is the form of the element used by living organisms for respiration. Trioxygen or ozone (O3) is also gaseous at ordinary temperatures and pressure. This form is highly reactive. Oxygen also forms tetraoxygen, O4, in one of the six phases of solid oxygen. There is also a metallic form of solid oxygen. Source: Oxygen-16 is formed primarily in the helium fusion process and neon burning process of massive stars. Oxygen-17 is made during the CNO cycle when hydrogen is burned into helium. Oxygen-18 forms when nitrogen-14 from CNO burning fuses with a helium-4 nucleus. Purified oxygen on Earth is obtains from air liquefaction. Oxygen Physical Data Density (g/cc): 1.149 ( -183 °C) Melting Point ( °K): 54.8 Boiling Point ( °K): 90.19 Appearance: Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; pale blue liquid Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 14.0 Covalent Radius (pm): 73 Ionic Radius: 132 (-2e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.916 (O-O) Pauling Negativity Number: 3.44 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1313.1 Oxidation States: -2, -1 Lattice Structure: Cubic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 6.830 Magnetic Ordering: Paramagnetic Quiz: Ready to test your oxygen facts knowledge? Take the Oxygen Facts Quiz.Back to the Periodic Table of the Elements Sources Dole, Malcolm (1965). The Natural History of Oxygen (PDF). The Journal of General Physiology. 49 (1): 5–27. doi:10.1085/jgp.49.1.5Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 793. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.Priestley, Joseph (1775). An Account of Further Discoveries in Air.  Philosophical Transactions.  65: 384–94.  Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.